Credits and licenses
The teaching text, figures and interactive models on this site are original work. Where the site uses material made by others, it is listed below with its source, its license and the attribution the owner asks for. The site is free and non-commercial. Licenses marked NC (non-commercial) and SA (share-alike) apply to the reused material itself, and any adaptation of it carries the same license.
Exam videos (Localization)
Movies from the "Adult NeuroLogic Exam" and "Pediatric NeuroLogic Exam" websites are used by permission of Paul D. Larsen, M.D., University of Nebraska Medical Center and Suzanne S. Stensaas, Ph.D., University of Utah School of Medicine. Additional materials were drawn from resources provided by Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Kathleen Digre, M.D., University of Utah; and Daniel Jacobson, M.D., Marshfield Clinic, Wisconsin. The movies are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License.
License terms: NeuroLogic Exam Creative Commons license and movie re-use. The clips play from the University of Utah's own video host and load only when you press play. Poster stills are frames from the same clips. Captions are our own.
| Clip | Collection | Source page |
|---|---|---|
| Watching before touching | Pediatric NeuroLogic Exam | introduction (intro_05) |
| Making the examination a game | Pediatric NeuroLogic Exam | introduction (intro_06) |
| Saving the worst for last | Pediatric NeuroLogic Exam | introduction (intro_07) |
| Moro reflex in a newborn | Pediatric NeuroLogic Exam | newborn_n (newborn_n_23) |
| Asymmetric tonic neck reflex at 3 months | Pediatric NeuroLogic Exam | 03month (03mo_17) |
| Testing the parachute at 6 months | Pediatric NeuroLogic Exam | 06month (06mo_14) |
| Pronator drift | NeuroLogic Exam | motor_abnormal (motor_ab_05) |
| Spasticity | NeuroLogic Exam | motor_abnormal (motor_ab_02) |
| Brisk reflexes and sustained clonus | NeuroLogic Exam | motor_abnormal (motor_ab_09) |
| Babinski sign | NeuroLogic Exam | motor_abnormal (motor_ab_10) |
| A hypotonic newborn at rest | Pediatric NeuroLogic Exam | newborn_ab (newborn_ab_03) |
| Slipping through the hands | Pediatric NeuroLogic Exam | newborn_ab (newborn_ab_19) |
| Gowers sign | NeuroLogic Exam | motor_abnormal (motor_ab_12) |
| Myopathic gait | NeuroLogic Exam | gait_abnormal (gait_ab_11) |
| Wasting and fasciculations | NeuroLogic Exam | motor_abnormal (motor_ab_01) |
| Steppage gait | NeuroLogic Exam | gait_abnormal (gait_ab_10) |
| A sensory level | NeuroLogic Exam | sensory_abnormal (sensory_ab_03) |
| Internuclear ophthalmoplegia | NeuroLogic Exam | cranialnerve_abnormal (cranialnerve_ab_08) |
| Finger-to-nose ataxia | NeuroLogic Exam | coordination_abnormal (coord_ab_06) |
| Ataxic gait | NeuroLogic Exam | gait_abnormal (gait_ab_14) |
| Romberg sign (courtesy of Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundation) | NeuroLogic Exam | sensory_abnormal (sensory_ab_11) |
| Parkinsonian gait (courtesy of Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundation) | NeuroLogic Exam | gait_abnormal (gait_ab_12) |
| Choreoathetoid gait (courtesy of Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundation) | NeuroLogic Exam | gait_abnormal (gait_ab_13) |
| Hemiplegic gait | NeuroLogic Exam | gait_abnormal (gait_ab_08) |
| Central facial weakness (courtesy of Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundation) | NeuroLogic Exam | cranialnerve_abnormal (cranialnerve_ab_17) |
| Homonymous hemianopia on confrontation | NeuroLogic Exam | cranialnerve_abnormal (cranialnerve_ab_03) |
| Expressive aphasia | NeuroLogic Exam | mentalstatus_abnormal (mentalstatus_ab_06) |
| Diplegic gait | NeuroLogic Exam | gait_abnormal (gait_ab_09) |
Dermatome drawing (Localization)
The dermatome map uses Dermatoms.svg by Ralf Stephan, released into the public domain on Wikimedia Commons. Its legend is hidden in our view and key sensory points are drawn on top. The points and key muscles follow the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, revised 2011 (Kirshblum et al., J Spinal Cord Med 2011).
Nerve diagrams (Localization)
The facial, radial and foot-drop diagrams in the lesion ladder are our own schematics. Their branch order was checked against the 1918 edition of Gray's Anatomy (public domain; plates 788, 818 and 832 on Wikimedia Commons) and the textbook pages cited beside the figure.
Books and papers cited (Localization)
The localization modules are written in our own words and cite these texts by page. No text or figure is reproduced from them. Papers are cited by PubMed link in the modules where they are used.
- Brazis PW, Masdeu JC, Biller J. Localization in Clinical Neurology. 6th ed. 2011.
- Pearl PL, Emsellem HA. Neuro-Logic: A Primer on Localization. 2014.
- Biller J, Gruener G, Brazis PW. DeMyer's The Neurologic Examination: A Programmed Text. 6th ed.
- Fisch A. Neuroanatomy: Draw It to Know It. 2nd ed. 2012.
- Arslan O. Neuroanatomical Basis of Clinical Neurology. 2nd ed. 2014.
- Neurological Clinical Examination: A Concise Guide. 3rd ed. 2012.
EEG tracings
Most tracings are from St. Louis EK, Frey LC, eds. Electroencephalography (EEG): An Introductory Text and Atlas of Normal and Abnormal Findings in Adults, Children, and Infants. American Epilepsy Society, 2016, licensed CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. A smaller set is reproduced with the permission of Jaime Shoup, MD, University of Louisville; those images are not under a Creative Commons license and may not be copied elsewhere without the author's consent. Every tracing carries its credit in its caption. Full list: EEG attributions.
MRI atlas templates
The brain templates are population averages obtained from TemplateFlow and redistributed under their original licenses: the MNI infant and pediatric templates (Fonov et al., MNI/McGill permissive license), the UNC infant atlases with AAL labels (Shi et al., CC BY 4.0) and the dHCP neonatal atlas (Schuh et al., CC BY 4.0). Citations, license texts and the changes made are listed in the atlas attribution file.
Neuromuscular data
Gene and disease information in the neuromuscular section draws on the Washington University Neuromuscular Disease Center, NCBI Gene and OMIM. For clinical use, always refer to these primary sources.
Software
The MRI viewer uses NiiVue (BSD 2-Clause). The site is built with Next.js, React and Tailwind CSS (MIT).
If you are a rights holder and something here is credited incorrectly, please contact the site owner and it will be corrected.